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2011| April-June | Volume 14 | Issue 2
Online since
July 7, 2011
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REVIEW: MANAGEMENT UPDATES (REVIEWS ON ADVANCES IN TREATMENT)
Chronic dysimmune neuropathies: Beyond chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Satish V Khadilkar, Shrikant S Deshmukh, Pramod D Dhonde
April-June 2011, 14(2):81-92
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82789
PMID
:21808468
The spectrum of chronic dysimmune neuropathies has widened well beyond chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Pure motor (multifocal motor neuropathy), sensorimotor with asymmetrical involvement (multifocal acquired demylinating sensory and motor neuropathy), exclusively distal sensory (distal acquired demyelinating sensory neuropathy) and very proximal sensory (chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy) constitute the variants of CIDP. Correct diagnosis of these entities is of importance in terms of initiation of appropriate therapy as well as prognostication of these patients. The rates of detection of immune-mediated neuropathies with monoclonal cell proliferation (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, multiple myeloma, etc.) have been facilitated as better diagnostic tools such as serum immunofixation electrophoresis are being used more often. Immune neuropathies associated with malignancies and systemic vasculitic disorders are being defined further and treated early with better understanding of the disease processes. As this field of dysimmune neuropathies will evolve in the future, some of the curious aspects of the clinical presentations and response patterns to different immunosuppressants or immunomodulators will be further elucidated. This review also discusses representative case studies.
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5
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Clinical features and prognosis with Guillain-Barré syndrome
Sinan Akbayram, Murat Dogan, Cihangir Akgün, Erdal Peker, Refah Sayin, Fesih Aktar, Mehmet-Selçuk Bektas, Hüseyin Çaksen
April-June 2011, 14(2):98-102
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82793
PMID
:21808470
Background:
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyneuropathy commonly characterized by rapidly progressive, symmetric weakness and areflexia.
Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively assessed the clinical manifestations, results of electrodiagnostic tests, functional status and prognosis of 36 children diagnosed with GBS.
Results:
Based on clinical and electrophysiological findings, the patients were classified as having acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) (
n
= 25), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) (
n
= 10) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) (
n
= 1). Twenty (55.5%) patients were males and 16 (44.5%) patients were females. The mean age of the 36 patients was 68.1 ± 45.01 months (range, 6-180 months). Five (13.8%) patients were younger than 2 years. The most common initial symptoms were limb weakness, which was documented in 34 (94.4%) patients. In our study, 18 patients (51.4%) showed albuminocytological dissociation (raised protein concentration without pleocytosis) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Three patients (8.3%) required mechanical ventilation therapy during hospitalization. Unfortunately, three (8.3%) patients died; one patient had AIDP and two patients had axonal involvement (one case was AMAN and another case was AMSAN). When we compared the cases of residual sequel/dead and cases of complete recovery for neural involvement type including AIDP, AMAN and AMSAN, we did not find a statistically significant difference between the groups (
P
> 0.05).
Conclusion:
Our findings showed that cases of GBS was not uncommon in children younger than 2 years of age, and CSF protein level might be found high in the first week of the disease in about one half of the patients, with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality in patients with axonal involvement than in those with AIDP.
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16
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Spectrum of Neuro-Sjogren's syndrome in a tertiary care center in south India
Ravi Yadav, Pramod Krishnan, Girish Baburao Kulkarni, TC Yasha, M Veerendra Kumar, D Nagraja
April-June 2011, 14(2):111-115
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82797
PMID
:21808473
Background:
Neurological affection in Sjogren's syndrome (SS) can occur in the central and peripheral nervous system. Literature describing the neurological involvement in SS among Indian patients is lacking.
Materials and Methods:
Six patients of SS fulfilling the histological or serological criteria of the American European Consensus Group for SS were studied prospectively. The patients underwent clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Their clinical and investigation features are described.
Results:
The age of the patients ranged from 26 to 48 years, with a male to female ratio of 2:4. In our series, peripheral sensori-motor neuropathy and sensory ataxic neuropathy was seen in 3/6, mononeuritis multiplex in 2/6, cranial neuropathy in 2/6, autonomic neuropathy in 1/6, myelopathy in 4/6, optic neuropathy in 2/6, with presence of classical sicca features in 5/6 patients. Positive lip biopsy was seen in three, altitudinal field defect in one and positive Schirmer's test in five patients. Nerve conduction study abnormalities were seen in three and evidence of vasculitis was seen in nerve biopsy of one patient and chronic nonuniform axonopathy was seen in another. Antibody to Ro (SSA) or La (SSB) was positive in five patients.
Conclusions:
SS involves different parts of the nervous system with varied presentations. Clinical suspicion and adequate laboratory testing helps to diagnose and manage this disorder that is relatively rare in Indian patients.
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3
CASE REPORTS
An interesting case of headache
Vasant R Dangra, Yogesh B Sharma, Nadir E Bharucha, Chandrashekar E Deopujari
April-June 2011, 14(2):130-132
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82807
PMID
:21808479
A 35-year-old businessman with a history of migraine with aura developed new neck pain while lying on a sofa in his home. He was given neck massage and physical therapy for a day, and subsequently after two days developed severe generalized headache when sitting or standing. He was hospitalized in his hometown. Investigations revealed venous sinus thrombosis and bilateral thin subdural collections for which he was anticoagulated. Headache improved and then worsened and became severe in all positions. He was then admitted under our care. MRI scan of the brain at our hospital showed left subdural hematoma with midline shift. It required urgent evacuation. His previous first brain MRI was re-evaluated. It showed characteristic features of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). If not recognized early, SIH results in various complications, some of which require immediate intervention. Any change in the pattern of headache in SIH one must alert the clinician due to the possibility of one of its complications.
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REVIEW: SYSTEMATIC (SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF A SUBJECT)
Neuroimaging in epilepsy
Trishit Roy, Alak Pandit
April-June 2011, 14(2):78-80
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82787
PMID
:21808467
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with diverse etiologies. Neuroimaging plays an important role in workup of patients with epilepsy. It helps to identify brain pathologies that require specific treatment; and also in formulating syndromic and etiological diagnoses so as to give patients and their relatives an accurate prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, specially the 3 tesla MRI is the imaging of choice because of its ability to detect small lesions like mesial temporal sclerosis, cortical dysplasias, small tumors, etc that are not detected by conventional MR or CT scan of brain. Identification of these lesions often helps in managing refractory epilepsies more effectively. However, cost and non-availability of MR in large part of the country necessitate the use of CT as an alternative. CT is often the initial investigation and also useful in acute situations. Functional imagings are used for pre-surgical work-up of refractory epilepsy cases with an aim to identify the epileptogenic focus and to delineate functional areas nearing the focus.
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8
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Knowledge, attitude and practice of epilepsy in Uttarakhand, India
Deepak Goel, JS Dhanai, Alka Agarwal, V Mehlotra, V Saxena
April-June 2011, 14(2):116-119
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82799
PMID
:21808474
Objectives:
This study was conducted to find out knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of epilepsy among 12
th
-class students in Uttarakhand state. Secondly data of Uttarakhand was compared with KAP study from other parts of the country.
Materials and
Methods:
All 12
th
- class students studying in six schools of randomly selected 36 villages in Chakrata block of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state were provided a printed questionnaire having answer as "yes or no". This questionnaire used was used previously by various authors and validated for KAP analysis. These filled questionnaires were collected by village health workers and medical officer.
Results:
This study conducted on 219, 12
th
-class students revealed that epilepsy was heard by 98%, 74.9% thought epilepsy a mental disease and 4.8% believed that it is contagious. Negative attitude showed as nearly 2/3
rd
students stated that epilepsy is hindrance in marriage and occupation. Nearly 41% would use onion or shoe for terminating seizure attack. Ayurvedic treatment was preferred over allopathic drugs.
Conclusions:
Study on 12
th
-class students of Uttarakhand revealed poor knowledge, attitude and practice for epilepsy and needs special education program to dispel these misconceptions.
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10
CASE REPORTS
Reversible neurological syndromes with atypical pneumonia
Ashok Panagariya, AK Sharma, Amit Dev, Arvind Kankane, Bhawna Sharma, Parul Dubey
April-June 2011, 14(2):127-129
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82806
PMID
:21808478
Simultaneous or sequential involvement of lungs is frequently encountered with neurological syndromes like meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, aseptic meningitis, transverse myelitis, or multiple cranial nerve palsies. However, pulmonary involvement is frequently overlooked when all the attention of physician is diverted to neurological disorder. Prompt and early recognition of such potentially treatable association is required to improve diagnostic and therapeutic outcome. We report six patients presenting with various neurological manifestations like meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and myelits associated with atypical pneumonia. With proper clinical correlation and relevant investigations, all of them were diagnosed in time and had remarkable recovery with appropriate treatment.
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2
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Chlamydia pneumoniae
seropositivity in adults with acute ischemic stroke: A case-control study
NK Rai, R Choudhary, R Bhatia, MB Singh, M Tripathi, K Prasad, MV Padma
April-June 2011, 14(2):93-97
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82792
PMID
:21808469
Background:
Causative role of
Chlamydia pneumoniae
infection in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unresolved till date.
Aim:
To investigate the role of
C. pneumoniae
antibodies in AIS.
Materials and
Methods:
Patients with AIS and sex- and environment-matched controls were enrolled. Antibodies to
C. pneumoniae
(IgA, IgG and IgM) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:
A total of 51 patients and 48 controls were enrolled. The IgA seropositivity was significantly associated with AIS (unadjusted odds ratio 3.1; 95% CI 1.38, 6.96;
P
= 0.005), whereas IgG (unadjusted OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.18, 1.09;
P
= 0.07) and IgM (unadjusted OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.36, 3.3;
P
= 0.88) were not. There was no difference in IgA or IgG positivity in different stroke subtypes. On multivariate analysis after adjusting for sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and alcohol, the IgA seropositivity yielded an adjusted OR for stroke (4.72; 95% CI 1.61, 13.83;
P
= 0.005), while IgG seropositivity did not (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.08, 0.83;
P
= 0.23).
Conclusions:
An increased risk of AIS was demonstrated in patients seropositive for
C. pneumoniae
for IgA antibodies.
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A randomized controlled clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of edaravone in acute ischemic stroke
Pawan Sharma, Manish Sinha, R Shukla, RK Garg, R Verma, MK Singh
April-June 2011, 14(2):103-106
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82794
PMID
:21808471
Background and Objective:
Edaravone has potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties. Few Japanese studies had demonstrated its neuroprotective role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of edaravone in terms of functional outcome in a group of Indian patients of AIS.
Materials and Methods:
Fifty patients of AIS were randomly divided into two groups. The study group received 30 mg of edaravone twice daily for 14 days by infusion, while control group received normal saline infusion as placebo. Outcome assessment was done by the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS). MRS score ≤2 at 90 days was considered as a favorable outcome.
Results:
Of 25 patients, 18 (72%) had favorable outcomes (MRS ≤2) at 90 days in edaravone group, while 10 (40%) of 25 patients in placebo group had favorable outcome (
P
< 0.005). Two patients expired (one in each group) during treatment. The mean Barthel index increased from 41.20 ± 32.70 at baseline to 82.40 ± 18.32 at day 90 in edaravone group as compared with placebo group in which scores were 44.20 ± 22.76 at baseline and 68.20 ± 21.30 at day 90 (
P
< 0.005).
Conclusions:
We therefore conclude that edaravone effectively improves functional outcome in AIS.
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13
IMAGES IN NEUROLOGY
Role of dynamic MRI study in Hirayama disease
Anit Parihar, Navdeep Khurana, Pallavi Aga, Ragini Singh, Ravindra Kumar Garg
April-June 2011, 14(2):138-139
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82815
PMID
:21808483
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3
CASE REPORTS
Hemichorea-hemiballism syndrome: A look through susceptibility weighted imaging
Puneet Mittal
April-June 2011, 14(2):124-126
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82803
PMID
:21808477
Hemichorea-hemiballism syndrome (HCHB) is a relatively rare cause of unilateral chorea in diabetic patients and is due to non ketotoic hyperglycaemia. Characteristic magnetic resonance (MR) findings include T1 hyperintensity in the contralateral putamen without any significant signal alteration on other conventional MR sequences. We report susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) findings in a case of HCHB syndrome.
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11
IMAGES IN NEUROLOGY
Idiopathic spinal cord herniation
Paramjeet Singh, Sameer Vyas, Dhrubajyoti Gogoi, Niranjan Khandelwal
April-June 2011, 14(2):136-137
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82814
PMID
:21808482
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1
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy due to
Schistosoma mansoni
: Report on 17 cases from an endemic area
Hatem I Badr, Ashraf A Shaker, Mohamed A Mansour, Mohamed A Kasem, Ahmad A Zaher, Hassan H Salama, Mohamed I Safwat
April-June 2011, 14(2):107-110
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82796
PMID
:21808472
Background:
After malaria, schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent tropical disease. The prevalence of oviposition in CNS of infected persons varies from 0.3 to 30%. The conus medullaris is a primary site of schistosomiasis, either granulomatous or acute necrotizing myelitis.
Objective:
To report the clinical, radiological, and laboratory results of spinal cord schistosomiasis (SCS) and to design proper therapeutic regimens.
Materials and Methods:
Seventeen patients (13 males and four females) with SCS were enrolled between 1994 and 2009 at Mansoura University Hospitals. Their median age at diagnosis was 19 years (13-30 years). Independent neurological, radiological, and laboratory assessments were performed for both groups, excluding pathological confirmation that was done earlier in eight patients (Group 1). In the group 2 (nine patients), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for bilharziasis in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed. Higher positive titer in CSF than serum indicated SCS plus induction of antibilharzial and corticosteroid protocols for 12 months with a three-year follow-up.
Results:
Rate of neurological symptoms of granulomatous intramedullary cord lesion was assessed independently in 16 cases and acute paraparesis in one case. All patients in group 2 had positive IHA against
Schistosoma mansoni
with median CSF and serum ranges 1/640 and 1/320, respectively. Seven patients (41.18%) had complete recovery, eight patients (47.06%) showed partial recovery, and no response was reported in two patients (11.76%) (
P
= 0.005). There was no recorded mortality in the current registry.
Conclusions:
Rapid diagnosis of SCS with early medical therapies for 12 months is a crucial tool to complete recovery.
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2
CASE REPORTS
A case of Spinocerebellar Ataxia from ethnic tribe of Assam
Ashok K Kayal, Munindra Goswami, Marami Das, Hussain Masaraf
April-June 2011, 14(2):122-123
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82802
PMID
:21808476
Here we present the case of a 17-year-old girl belonging to an ethnic tribe (Bodo tribe) of Assam, presenting with bilateral cerebellar signs and with history suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, who was found to have spinocerebellar ataxia 7 on genetic testing. This case throws light on the probability of more such cases in the multi-ethnic society of the North-Eastern Indian states, which are not studied or reported till date.
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5
Tardive Meige's syndrome associated with olanzapine
Ashish Aggarwal, Manish Jain, Ashish Khandelwal, RC Jiloha
April-June 2011, 14(2):133-134
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82808
PMID
:21808480
Meige's syndrome is characterized by blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. It has been reported as a complication of typical antipsychotics. To the best of our knowledge, case of olanzapine-induced tardive Meige's syndrome has not been reported in the literature. We we are reporting report a case of Meige's syndrome developing after long term therapy with olanzapine.
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3
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis
Sreenivas Adurthi, Anita Mahadevan, Radhika Bantwal, Parthasarthy Satishchandra, Sujay Ramprasad, Hema Sridhar, SK Shankar, Avindra Nath, RS Jayshree
April-June 2011, 14(2):145-146
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82829
PMID
:21808491
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EDITORIAL
Antimicrobial resistance: Neurologists role in containment and prevention
Sanjeev V Thomas
April-June 2011, 14(2):77-77
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82785
PMID
:21808466
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1
CASE REPORTS
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting as mania
Ashish Aggarwal, Ashish Khandelwal, Manish Jain, RC Jiloha
April-June 2011, 14(2):120-121
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82801
PMID
:21808475
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, invariably fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system developing after measles infection. Besides neurological symptoms as initial presenting symptoms, rare reports of its presentation with pure psychiatric symptoms have been reported. We here report a case of 14 year old male who initially presented with manic symptoms and then subsequently diagnosed to be suffering from SSPE. Improtance of ruling our organic conditions is emphasized.
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1
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Malaria and dengue co-infection
Syed Ahmed Zaki
April-June 2011, 14(2):141-142
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82821
PMID
:21808485
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3,199
187
1
'Beta-interferons' and 'oligoclonal bands' in multiple sclerosis in India
KM Hassan
April-June 2011, 14(2):140-140
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82817
PMID
:21808484
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Neuropsychiatric complications of SLE: Raising some issues of concern
Raman Deep Pattanayak, Sanjay Kumar Pattanayak
April-June 2011, 14(2):141-141
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82819
PMID
:21808486
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2,832
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1
McLeod syndrome and acanthocytosis
M Mehndiratta
April-June 2011, 14(2):143-143
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82826
PMID
:21808488
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2,700
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1
T. gondii
serology in diagnosing HIV patients
RS Wadia, S Pujari, N Lovhale, V Panchbhai
April-June 2011, 14(2):144-145
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82828
PMID
:21808489
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2,574
93
1
LIGHTER MOMENTS
My first emergency duty!
Sourabh Aggarwal
April-June 2011, 14(2):135-135
PMID
:21808481
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2,527
92
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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
McLeod Syndrome: Report of an Indian family with phenotypic heterogeneity
A Chakravarty, P Bhattacharya, D Banerjee, S Mukherjee
April-June 2011, 14(2):144-144
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82827
PMID
:21808490
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2,517
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1
Angiotensin-receptor blockade in acute stroke
Srijithesh P Rajendran
April-June 2011, 14(2):142-143
DOI
:10.4103/0972-2327.82825
PMID
:21808487
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2,316
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Online since 1
st
March, 2006